Chapter 1  REVIEW QUESTIONS

 

Some of these questions have been taken from other Animal Physiology pages. All questions require answers that fully explain the conditions, causes, and results.

  1. What is physiology?
  2. What are some of the ways an individual’s phenotype can change?
  3. What is the difference between a physiological regulator and a physiological conformer?  Give an example of each.
  4. Be able to draw a graph similar to Fig. 1.5 or 1.6 to illustrate conformity and/or regulation.  Which graph represents homeostasis? Why
  5. What does Figure 1.6 indicate about salmon.
  6. Why does homeostasis require negative feedback contol?
  7. What is the difference between a chronic and an evolutionary (adaptation) physiological response?
  8. What is the difference between a chronic and an acute response to environmental conditions?
  9. In Figure 1.7, what part of the graph represents the chronic response?  The acute response?  What happened in terms of physiological response from day 1 to 6 and after day 6?
  10. Why were log scales used in figure 1.8?
  11. From the data on this graph, what problem would you find interesting to investigate.
  12. What is the difference between an isometric and an allometric relationship between physiological variables?
  13. Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for physiology?  What happens to surface area as volume of a cube or sphere increases?
  14. Explain the significance of the four terms in the equation Y = aMb.
  15. In the equation Y = aMb, what is occurring if b<1, b=1, and b>1.
  16. For values of b<>1, what is the advantage of plotting variables on log scales for both X and Y?
  17. Why are there allometric changes in structures for different sized organisms?
  18. Why are there allometric changes in the proportions of the limb bones of a mouse and an elephant?
  19. Why is the relationship of the surface area and volume of different size cubes or spheres isometric, even though surface area to volume scales to the 2/3 power for length or radius?  Compare the surface area, volume, and the ratio between the two of different sized cubes.
  20. Define, explain the importance to animal physiology, and give an example of the following.
    1. Acclimation
    2. Acclimatization
    3. Adaptation
    4. Allometry
    5. Homeostasis
    6. Isometry
    7. Negative feedback control
    8. Phenotypic plasticity
    9. Temperature (or other environmental parameter) conformity
    10. Temperature (or other environmental parameter) regulation

.

Chapter 21 RESPIRATION 1

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 Some of these questions have been taken from other Animal Physiology pages.  All questions require answers that fully explain the conditions, causes, and results.

  1. What are the functions of respiration?
  2. What is the difference between organismal respiration and cellular respiration?

  3. What are the percentages of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in dry air?

  4. What is the percentage of water vapor in the atmosphere?

  5. A gas mixture contains 0.2 mol of N2, 0.4 mol of O2, and 0.1 mol of CO2.   For this mixture, what is the percent of each of the three gases?  If the mixture is at STP, what is the partial pressure (in mm) of each gas?

  6. How does the solubility of oxygen in water compare with the solubility of carbon dioxide in water?
  7. Henry's Law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient (its physical or chemical attraction for water), at a given temperature.
    1. Henry’s Law: The volume of a gas (Vx) dissolved in a liter of water is Vx = (pX)*(SC) where pX is the partial pressure in atmospheres and SC is the solubility coefficient
    2. At one atmosphere and 37 degrees Celsius, the solubility coefficient for oxygen is 0.024 ml O2/ml H2O.
    3. How much oxygen can dissolve in a liter of water at 37 degrees Celsius if the partial pressure of oxygen is 85 mm Hg?

  8. What factors are responsible for rates of diffusion from gas to water?  Explain why carbon dioxide will diffuse more rapidly than oxygen from air to water, if both are at the same partial pressure.

  9. How does temperature affect gas solubility?  What effects might this have on organisms?

  10. How does salinity affect gas solubility?  What effects might this have on organisms?

  11. How does the difference in diffusion rate of a gas in air versus that of a gas in water affect the structure of respiratory organs (i.e., lungs versus gills)?

  12. Explain figure 21.4 (turtle egg incubation).  What does the graph show happened after day 50?  Why?  What does the graph show happened on day 60?  How did this affect the eggs?

  13. Box 21.1:  Why is the larval anchovy able to survive without gills or circulatory system? 

  14. Box 21.1:  What is the relationship between rates of diffusion and allometric change as the anchovy matures?

  15. Why do larger animals need circulatory systems, while smaller animals do not?

  16. Box 21.2:  Many subterranean mammals such as moles have low metabolic rates to cope with the low oxygen availability in their tunnels.  How are prairie dogs able to obtain enough oxygen to sustain high metabolic rates in their burrows?

  17. Why do larger animals need to supplement diffusion with convective flow to meet their gas exchange needs?

  18. What is the difference between external respiration and internal respiration?  Discuss the roles of convection and diffusion in each. (see Figure 21.6)

  19. Why is the movement from the lungs to the mitochondria an example of an oxygen cascade? (see Fig. 21.7)

  20. Explain what figure 21.7b shows with regard to the movement of oxygen from the air to the mitochondria.

  21. What are some of the advantages of obtaining oxygen from air versus water?  What is the main disadvantage?

  22. Define, explain the importance to respiratory physiology, and give an example of the following

    1. Dalton’s Law
    2. Partial pressure of atmospheric gases
    3. Organismal respiration
    4. Cellular respiration
    5. External respiration
    6. Internal respiration
    7. Solubility coefficient
    8. Solubility of carbon dioxide
    9. Solubility of oxygen
    10. Diffusion
    11. Bulk flow
    12. Unidirectional flow
    13. Tidal flow
    14. Oxygen cascade

 

Chapter 22 - RESPIRATION 2

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 Some of these questions have been taken other Animal Physiology pages.  All questions require answers that fully explain the conditions, causes, and results.

  1. Discuss the relationship between surface area and volume as it relates to diffusion.
  2. Why can small organisms rely solely on diffusion for gas exchange?
  3. Why do small animals that rely solely on diffusion for respiration tend to be flattened in shape?
  4. What types of organisms tend to rely on cutaneous gas exchange?
  5. Compare air and water as media for respiratory gas exchange.
  6. How do viscosity and density affect the cost of ventilation in water breathing versus air breathing animals?
  7. List and explain the three primary properties of air and water that make respiration in water more difficult than respiration in air.
  8. Why do most terrestrial organisms use bi-directional flow for respiration, while most aquatic organisms use unidirectional flow?
  9. How do the physical properties of air and water dictate the form of the structures animals use for gas exchange?
  10. Why is it that organisms that use water as their respiratory medium are almost never “warm-blooded?”
  11. Compare and contrast cocurrent, countercurrent, and crosscurrent arrangements of flow between the respiratory medium and blood.
  12. Draw a figure (similar to 22.4a) that shows how cocurrent (parallel) exchange occurs.  Do the same for countercurrent flow (22.4b).  Explain the different results.
  13. What does figure 22.7 indicate about respiratory surfaces within a group of vertebrates?  Why?
  14. What does figure 22.7 indicate about respiratory surfaces between groups of vertebrates?  Why? 
  15. What is the general relationship between respiratory surface area and metabolic rate?
  16. What is the most surprising group of vertebrates plotted in figure 22.7?  Explain.
  17. Describe the gills of fish and the mechanisms by which water is pumped across the respiratory exchange surface of fish. What is the arrangement between blood flow and the flow of water?
  18. Explain the structural features and mechanisms of fish gills that maximize the extraction of oxygen from water (see fig. 22.10)
  19. Explain how the fact that blood and water flow in opposite directions in the gill of a fish enhances the exchange of oxygen between the water and the blood.
  20. Why is it important that water be moved over the surface of a gill?
  21. What are the general similarities and differences between the structure of gills and lungs?
  22. Why is it that lungs do not make good gills and gills do not make good lungs?
  23. Describe and discuss the breathing cycle in teleost (bony) fish.  (Figure 22.11)
  24. Compare and contrast ram and opercular ventilation in fish.
  25. Compare and contrast the difficulties experienced by aquatic and terrestrial animals in obtaining oxygen. Give an example of the solutions to these problems employed by a terrestrial and aquatic animal.
  26. How do viscosity and density affect the cost of ventilation in water breathing versus air breathing animals?
  27. What is a positive (buccal force) pressure pumps? Which terrestrial vertebrates use it?  Explain briefly it functions.
  28. Explain why in Figure 22.15 (the development of external respiration in the bullfrog) the carbon dioxide excretion curves for skin and lungs differ from the oxygen uptake curves for skin and lungs.
  29. How does the structure of the mammalian lung differ from the reptile lung?  Explain why.
  30. Discuss the mechanics of inhalation and expiration in mammals.
  31. Define the following: Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume, Expiratory reserve volume, Residual volume, Dead Space.
  32. If a mammal's tidal volume is 2 L, its tracheal volume is 80 mL, its anatomical dead space volume is 350 mL, and its breathing frequency is 9 breaths/minute, what is the rate of gas exchange in the alveoli?
  33. Describe how mammals ventilate their lungs (inhalation and exhalation).
  34. Describe the anatomy of the bird respiratory system and the bird lung
  35. What are the unique adaptations of the bird respiratory system that make it work so efficiently?  Explain. 
  36. How is it that the PO2 in the lung of a bird is greater than the PO2 in the lung of a mammal (at same elevation)? (make sure to explain your answer)
  37. Compare and contrast parabronchii and alveoli.
  38. Describe how air is transported through the lungs of a typical bird (Fig. 22.22).  Explain what happens with each inspiration and expiration to move air through the respiratory system.
  39. What advantages do birds seem to gain over mammals by the design of their respiratory system?
  40. Describe and illustrate the tracheal system of insects.
  41. What are tracheae?  What are spiracles?
  42. Explain the basic design of the gas exchange system in insects.  Is the circulatory system involved?  Why or why not?
  43. Outline the differences among the three most sophisticated lungs found in modern animals: the mammalian lung, the avian lung, and the insect tracheal system.
  44. What are the physiological problems if mammals attempted to breathe water (why do we drown and fish don't?)
  45. Define, explain the importance to respiratory physiology, and give an example of the following
    1. Surface area/Volume
    2. Ventilation
    3. Gill
    4. Lung
    5. Unidirectional flow
    6. Tidal flow
    7. Cocurrent flow
    8. Countercurrent flow
    9. Crosscurrent flow
    10. Countercurrent blood flow in fish gills
    11. Buccal pumping
    12. Opercular pumping
    13. Ram ventilation
    14. Cutaneous respiration
    15. Alveoli
    16. Diaphragm
    17. Dead space
    18. Tidal ventilation
    19. Tidal volume
    20. Tracheal system

Chapter 23 GAS TRANSPORT

REVIEW QUESTIONS

  1. One could say that a respiratory pigment with relatively low O2 affinity is potentially disadvantageous for loading, but advantageous for unloading. Explain both parts of this statement.
  2. Outline the ways in which mammalian hemoglobin simultaneously plays important roles in O2 transport, CO2 transport, and control of blood pH..
  3. The hemoglobin in mammalian blood is usually thought of simply increasing the amount of oxygen that can be carried by each liter of blood. In a lecture on hemoglobin, a respiratory physiologist made the following statement: "The presence of hemoglobin in the blood also makes possible the rapid uptake of oxygen by the blood as it flows through the lungs." Explain the lecturer’s point.
  4. What are the two principal reasons for enclosing oxygen carrying proteins in blood cells?
  5. What is the functional significance of the typical sigmoid shape (Fig. 23.4) of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? What is the advantage of the shape of the curve at oxygen partial pressures > 80 mm Hg; < 40 mm Hg.
  6. Using Fig 23.5, show how much more oxygen is released to tissues doing exercise versus tissues at rest.
  7. For Fig. 23.6, how much of a drop in O2 partial pressure is required to cause unloading of 5 vol % O2 if the initial concentration is 20 ml O2/100 ml? 10 ml O2/100 ml? Show how you calculated this.
  8. What is the significance of Figure 23.7? Why does the curve for myoglobin have a hyperbolic shape and the curve for hemoglobin a sigmoid shape? Why is the curve for myoglobin to the left of the curve for hemoglobin? What is the physiological significance of this for oxygen transport?
  9. Discuss the interaction between hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illustrate your answer with a graph (e.g., Fig 23.7) showing oxygen dissociation. Use actual numbers from the graph to show how it works.
  10. What is P50, and how is it related to the oxygen affinity of a respiratory pigment?
  11. Draw a hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve. What label should be given along the X-axis; the Y-axis? Circle the region of the graph that would be representative of the conditions in a mammalian alveolus of a lung; in a tissue capillary bed. What is the P50 for your graph?
  12. From a single oxygen-hemoglobin (i.e., no Bohr effect) dissociation curve, be able to determine and/or explain what the saturation will be for a given oxygen pressure; the oxygen pressure for a given saturation; the P50; the oxygen pressure and saturation in the respiratory organs; the oxygen pressure and saturation in the deep tissues; the change in oxygen pressure and saturation going from the respiratory organs to the deep tissues; and the change in oxygen pressure and saturation going from deep tissues to the respiratory organs.
  13. What is the Bohr Effect?
  14. Explain why higher temperatures tend to shift the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to the right.
  15. How does blood pH influence the Hb-O2 dissociation curve?
  16. Draw a single oxygen-hemoglobin (i.e., no Bohr effect) dissociation curve for a mammal with correctly labeled X and Y axes (e.g., a figure similar to Fig. 23.5). Blood leaving the lungs carries 20 ml O2 / 100 ml. From this curve, calculate the amount of oxygen that 100 ml of blood will unload to the respiring tissue. Show your work or no credit. Now do same for a graph showing the Bohr Effect (i.e., with two oxygen dissociation curves, (Fig. 23.11).
  17. Fully explain a figure showing the Bohr Effect (e.g., Fig. 23.11). Include information about what each of the two curves represent, what causes them to differ from each other, what is the advantage of each, and give an example of where each of the two is operating. Discuss an actual example with approximate real values of saturation %'s and oxygen pressures to demonstrate the adaptive advantage of this system.
  18. Examine and be sure you understand the graph Figure 23.11. Explain in words what is shown on the y-axis. What is shown on the x-axis? Discuss what each of the two curves represent, what causes them to differ from each other, what is the advantage of each, and give an example of where each of the two is operating. Discuss an actual example with approximate real values of saturation %'s and oxygen pressures to demonstrate the adaptive advantage of this system.
  19. How does DPG affect the P50 of the blood (e.g. Fig.23.14 and 23.15)? What is the biochemical mechanism?
  20. How and why do humans at high elevations change their DPG levels?
  21. How and why do humans with anemia change their DPG levels?
  22. Discuss how and where carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
  23. What are the chemical reactions that allow increased ability of the blood to transport higher amounts of carbon dioxide at higher partial pressures (Fig 23.20a)?
  24. Explain what is being shown in Figure 23.21a, i.e. the Haldane Effect.
  25. Explain Fig. 23.21b. What is the physiological significance of the Haldane Effect for humans who are exercising?
  26. What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the deep tissues? In the lungs?
  27. Why is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase so critical for respiratory exchange in the circulatory system?
  28. Define, explain the importance to respiratory physiology, and give an example of the following
    1. Respiratory pigment
    2. Hemocyanin
    3. Hemoglobin
    4. Erythrocyte
    5. Cooperativity
    6. P50
    7. Bohr Effect
    8. DPG (bisphosphoglycerate)
    9. erythropoietin
    10. Haldane effect
    11. Carbonic anhydrase

CHAPTER 24 Circulation
REVIEW QUESTIONS

  1. What functions does the circulatory system perform?
  2. Know the path of circulation from the veins through the heart to the arteries.  Be able to label all the features shown in Fig. 24.1.
  3. What is occurring during systole?  During diastole? 
  4. How and why does ventricular pressure differ on the left and right sides of the heart?
  5. Explain what is occurring during the five phases of the heart cycle shown in Figure 24.2.
    1. Atriole systole
    2. Isovolumetric contraction
    3. Ventricular ejection
    4. Isovolumetric relaxation
    5. Ventricular filling
  6. How do atriole systole and ventricular relaxation add to the end diastolic volume?  Which is more important?
  7. At what stage do the atrio-ventricular valves close?  What causes this?
  8. At what stage do the atrio-ventricular valves open?  What causes this?
  9. At what stage do the pulmonary and aortic valves close?  What causes this?
  10. At what stage do the pulmonary and aortic valves open?  What causes this?
  11. Why isn’t blood ejected during isovolumetric contraction?
  12. You should know that Cardiac output = (Heart Rate)*(Stroke Volume)
    1. If a normal cardiac output is 6 liters/minute (when the person is at rest), use your resting heart rate to find out the stroke volume.  
  13. From the blood capacity, beat volume, and pulse rate, be able to determine the amount of oxygen being transported by the circulatory system.  For example, use the capacity = 20 ml O2 / 100 ml blood, pulse rate = 60 beats per minute, and the stroke volume = 70 ml
  14. What causes the heart sounds heard with a stethoscope?
  15. What happens when heart muscles depolarize?  Repolarize? 
  16. How is heartbeat regulated in mammals?
  17. What is the pacemaker?  How does it control heart rate?
  18. Why to the ventricles contract after the atria?
  19. Briefly discuss the processes occurring during the wave of depolarization of the contraction cycle of the heart (Fig. 24.4b).
  20. Explain what is shown in the electrocardiogram of a normal human heart (Fig. 24.6).
  21. What does the P wave signify? The QRS complex? The T wave?
  22. What is the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?  What is its significance?
  23. How do positional effects affect blood pressure (Figure 24.7)?
  24. Discuss and explain blood pressure at your feet, heart, and head when you are standing up and when you are lying down.
  25. Compare and contrast blood pressure in a human and a giraffe.
  26. What animal phyla lack circulatory systems?  How do they respire?
  27. Compare and contrast an open and closed circulatory system.
  28. Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries. ?
  29. Illustrate and describe the circulatory system of a typical bird or mammal (Fig. 24.10).
  30. Illustrate and describe the general path of flow of blood through the circulatory system of a mammal.
  31. How does the heart of a bird or a mammal differ from that of a typical reptile?  What are the advantages of this arrangement?
  32. How does cross sectional area affect flow rate?
  33. Discuss and explain the changes in cross-sectional area from the arteries to the capillaries to the veins (Figure 24.12a).
  34. Why does blood pressure decrease from the arteries to the capillaries?  Explain Figure 24.12b.
  35. Discuss and illustrate what happens as blood flows through capillaries (Fig. 24.13).
  36. What happens to excess fluid that leaves the capillaries and remains in the interstitial fluids?
  37. What is the blood pressure in the venous system?  What two mechanisms move blood pressure back to the heart?
  38. How does the circulatory system of cephalopods differ from that of other mollusks?  Why?
  39. Illustrate and describe the anatomical arrangement of the heart of a teleost fish or shark (e.g., Fig. 24.14).
  40. Illustrate and describe the circulatory system of a teleost fish (e.g., Fig. 24.14).  Discuss the oxygen and blood pressure changes that occur in the circuit.  How is blood pumped to complete the circuit?
  41. Describe the basic anatomy and pattern of blood flow of the amphibian heart.  How does it differ from the fish heart?
  42. Does deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix together in the undivided ventricle of amphibians?  Why?
  43. Compare and contrast a typical reptilian heart and the heart of a mammal (or bird).  Explain the significance of the differences.

Define, explain the importance to the physiology of circulation, and give an example of the following

  1. Diffusion
  2. Systole
  3. Diastole
  4. Cardiac cycle
  5. Isovolumetric contraction
  6. Ventricular ejection
  7. Cardiac output
  8. Stroke volume
  9. Heart murmur
  10. Myogenic
  11. Sinoatrial node
  12. Pacemaker
  13. Atrioventricular node
  14. Electrocardiogram
  15. Starling's Law of the Heart
  16. Interstitial fluid
  17. Blood
  18. Lymph
  19. Closed circulatory system.
  20. Open circulatory system.
  21. Artery
  22. Vein
  23. Capillary
  24. Pulmonary circulation
  25. Systemic circulation
  26. Colloidal osmotic pressure of the capillaries
  27. Hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries
  28. Lymphatic system
  29. Erythrocyte

CHAPTER 25 Diving Mammals
REVIEW QUESTIONS

 

1.      Which tissues need the most energy during diving?

2.      Which tissues need the most O2?

3.      Compare the blood oxygen stores of terrestrial and marine mammals.  How do they differ in carrying capacity?   Blood volume?

4.      Compare and discuss the reasons for the different total as well as the individual lung, blood, and myoglobin oxygen stores of humans, shallow diving mammals, and deep diving mammals.  (see Figure 25.6)

5.      How is oxygen supply maximized in diving mammals?   Where is it stored?

6.      Compare oxygen storage in a marine mammal and a human.  

7.      Outline the pros and cons of carrying lots of air during a dive.

8.      How does the circulatory system respond to extended dives by whales and seals?

9.      How does the pattern of circulation pattern in a marine mammal during a deep dive?  Why?

10.  How can the muscles of marine mammals function if there is no oxygen available for them to contract?

11.  Why is it important to reduce the heart rate during a dive?

12.  What is produced by anaerobic metabolism in animals?  What potential problems does this cause?  How is this minimized?

13.  Discuss oxygen levels in the blood and muscles during the course of a deep dive (Fig. 25.10a)

14.  Discuss lactic acid levels in the blood and muscles during the course of a deep dive (Fig. 25.10b)

15.  Discuss what is happening to lactic acid levels in the blood following a deep dive (Fig. 25.11

16.  Based on the study of O2 needs and stores, the aerobic dive limit of young Weddell seals weighing 140 kg is calculated to be 10 minutes, whereas that for a fully grown 400-kg Weddell seal is calculated to be about 20 minutes.   Why might small individuals in general be expected to have shorter aerobic dive limits than large individuals?

17.  What is decompression sickness (the "bends)?"

18.  Why is only nitrogen and not carbon dioxide or oxygen that divers have to worry about when breathing compressed air?

19.  Why do humans get the bends and how does the Weddell Seal avoid the problem?

20.  Why aren’t deep diving marine mammals affected by nitrogen narcosis?

Define, explain the importance to the physiology of diving mammals, and give an example of the following

21.  Hypoxia

22.  Carrying capacity

23.  Total blood stores of oxygen

24.  myoglobin

25.  Diving response

26.  Bradycardia

27.  Peripheral vasoconstriction

28.  Oxygen debt

29.  Aerobic dive limit

30.  Decompression sickness or the “bends”

31.  Nitrogen narcosis

32.  Oxygen toxicity

CHAPTER 26: OSMOREGULATION and EXCRETION
REVIEW QUESTIONS

 

  1. What is the difference between interstitial  and intracellular fluid?  Why are they usually different?
  2. How are ionoregulation and osmoregulation similar?
  3. What is the difference between ionoregulation and osmoregulation?
  4. What are the benefits of ionoregulation and osmoregulation?
  5. What are the costs of ionoregulation and osmoregulation?
  6. Discuss what is being shown in Figs 26.3a and 26.3b in regard to osmoregulation and osmoconformity.
  7. In figure 26.3c, how are the green crab, mussel, and shrimp responding to changes in salinity.
  8. Why are there no freshwater osmoconformers?
  9. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of being an osmoconformer versus an osmoregulator.
  10. What are the three sources of water for animals?
  11. What is the disadvantage of drinking salty water?
  12. How do kangaroo rats survive without having to drink water?

 

Define, explain the importance to animal physiology, and give an example of the following

  1. Osmoregulation
  2. Ionoregulation
  3. Excretion
  4. Isosmotic animal
  5. Hyperosmotic animal
  6. Hyposmotic
  7. Drinking water
  8. Dietary water
  9. Metabolic water

 

 Chapter 27 Water and Salt Physiology
REVIEW QUESTIONS 

 

  1. Fig 27.1 shows water–salt relations in a freshwater animal.  Be able to label and discuss the major sources of movement of salts and water in and out of the organism and the mechanisms (diffusion, etc.) responsible.
  2. Fig 27.7a shows water–salt relations in a freshwater bony fish.  Be able to label and discuss the major sources of movement of salts and water in and out of the organism and the mechanisms (diffusion, etc.) responsible.
  3. Fig 27.7b shows water–salt relations in a marine bony fish.  Be able to label and discuss the major sources of movement of salts and water in and out of the organism and the mechanisms (diffusion, etc.) responsible. .
  4. Fig 27.9 shows water–salt relations in a marine shark.  Be able to label and discuss the major sources of movement of salts and water in and out of the organism and the mechanisms (diffusion, etc.) responsible.
  5. What are the main osmotic and ionic challenges of freshwater teleosts (advanced bony fish) and how are these challenges met?
  6. What is the role of the integument in osmoregulation?
  7. What osmoregulatory problems do most marine vertebrates face?
  8. What are the main osmotic and ionic challenges of marine teleosts and how are these challenges met?
  9. How do hagfish osmoregulate?
  10. Discuss osmoregulation in the life cycle of sea lampreys.
  11. How do sharks (elasmobranchs) avoid water loss in salt water?
  12. How do marine sharks (elasmobranchs) regulate water and salt?
  13. Explain how Latimeria (the coelacanth) and marine elasmobranchs solve the osmotic problem of a vertebrate in sea water and why their bodies are slightly hyperosmotic
  14. Describe osmoregulation in marine elasmobranchs. How are urea and TMAO important to this process?
  15. Review the strategies for salt and water balance in aquatic animals that live in-between fresh water and the marine environment. What is a hyper-isosmotic regulator; a hyper-hyposmotic regulator?
  16. Why is a teleost fish in the ocean like a desert animal?
  17. Explain osmotic and ion (salt) regulation in marine and fresh water teleosts.
  18. Explain how the salmon is able to osmotically move between fresh water and sea water.
  19. Explain osmotic and ion (salt) regulation in fresh-water amphibians.
  20. Compare and contrast the osmoregulatory strategies used by, marine invertebrates, marine teleosts and freshwater teleosts. For each you must mention the relative osmolarity of their body fluids to that of the environment in which they live.
  21. Cite the greatest advantage and disadvantage of terrestrial life.
  22. Why do amphibians face greater osmotic regulation problems than other terrestrial vertebrates?  How do some frogs and toads minimize this problem?
  23. List the various ways by which water is gained or lost in terrestrial animals.
  24. How do kangaroo rats maintain water balance?  How are they able to survive in hot dry deserts?
  25. Identify how marine reptiles and birds regulate their salt balance.

 

Define, explain the importance to animal physiology, and give an example of the following

  1. hyperosmotic regulator
  2. hyposmotic regulator
  3. Chloride cells
  4. Salt glands
  5. Rectal gland
  6. TMAO
  7. urea
  8. Anadromous
  9. Catadromous
  10. Stenohaline
  11. Euryhaline

 

 

Chapter 28 Excretion

REVIEW QUESTIONS

 

 

 

Chapter 29 Desert Mammals

REVIEW QUESTIONS