TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN VERTEBRATES (fig 36.1g)

• heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, lymph vessels & organs, plus spleen, thymus, liver

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATE BLOOD AND BLOOD CELLS

• Blood and the Immune System from Clarenville High
• Plasma
  • liquid portion of blood
    1. H₂O plus plasma proteins, salts, plus transported materials
    2. plasma proteins
    3. serum
• Formed Elements
  • Types of Blood Cells [Fig. 36.3]
    1. erythrocytes [Fig. 36.4]
    2. leukocytes [Fig. 36.5]
    3. eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc.
    4. platelets

VERTEBRATE BLOOD VESSELS

1. heart: atria and ventricles
2. arteries [fig 36.6A] arterioles
3. capillaries [fig 36.6c] veinules
4. veins [fig 36.6b]

THE VERTEBRATE HEART and CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Fish [Fig. 36.7a]:
  1. "two" chambered linear heart
• Amphibians [Fig. 36.7b]:
  1. double circulation - three chambers
  2. cutaneous respiration
• Reptiles:
  1. partially [Fig. 36.7c] to fully (crocodile) divided ventricle
• Mammals and Birds [Fig. 36.7d]
  1. four chambered heart
  2. Circulatory Circuits [Fig. 36.8])
     1. Pulmonary Circulation
     2. Systemic Circulation.
     3. Coronary Circulation
     4. Hepatic Portal System
     5. Lymphatic Circuit

PULMONARY CIRCUIT

• vena cavae Þ right atrium tricuspid (AV) valve Þ right ventricle Þ semilunar valve Þ  pulmonary arteries Þ pulmonary capillaries Þ pulmonary veins Þ left atrium.

SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

• left atrium Þ bicuspid (AV) valve Þ left ventricle Þ semilunar valve Þ aorta Þ coronary arteries, carotid subclavian, mesenteric, renal, iliac arteries, etc. Þ arterioles Þ capillaries Þ veinules Þ veins Þ inferior & superior vena cavae Þ right atrium.

Control of Heartbeat [Fig. 36.10]

• autonomic nervous system controls heart rate, but heart muscles are self excitable; atricular or ventricular muscle mass contracts in unison.
• pacemaker or sinoatrial node
• atrioventricular (AV) node

Heart Sounds

1. Electrocardiogram
2. Systemic Blood Flow
3. systole
4. diastole
5. pulse
6. blood pressure

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (fig 36.8, Table 36.1)

to learn more about the lymphatic system, go to HUMAN ANATOMY On-Line.

• accessory circulatory system
  1. lymph.
  2. lymph nodes; spleen and thymus
  3. absorbs lipids from digestive system.

This is what you should have learned in high school about respiration, from Jim Buckley, Edwards-Knox Central School, Russell, New York.  Try Mr. Buckley's quiz on human respiration for his high school students.

If you don't have your textbook, here is the Respiratory System from the On-line Biology book.

ORGANISMIC RESPIRATION -

GAS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS

• organismic respiration
• ventilation

INVERTEBRATE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

• Aquatic Animals
  1. diffusion
     1. protists [Fig. 36.16a]
     2. cutaneous respiration: small invertebrates - e.g. sponges, cnidarians [Fig. 36.16b], and planarians [Fig. 36.16c].
  2. gills
     1. invertebrates
        1. mollusks gills [Fig. 21.11]
        2. crustaceans
        3. polychaete annelids [Fig. 22.7]
     2. vertebrates - pharyngeal gills
        1. fishes: internal gill
        2. bony fish: counter-current exchange system [Fig. 36.21]
        3. larval and neotenic amphibians: external gills [Fig. 36.20]
        4. bimodal breathing

Terrestrial Animals

• Integumentary Exchange or Cutaneous Respiration
  1. small animals; e.g. earthworms [Fig. 22.14], lungless salamanders
• tracheal systems (tubes) [Fig. 36.17]
• lungs: structures for breathing air
1. book lungs [Fig. 36.18]
2. pulmonate lung: terrestrial snails [Fig. 36.19]
3. fish: [Fig. 27.16]
4. amphibians (fig 36.22a)
5. reptiles, birds, mammals [Fig. 36.22b,c,d]
6. amphibians, reptiles, mammals: incomplete ventilation (fig 36.24a); ebb and flow mechanism, air is never completely replaced
7. birds [Fig. 36.25]: complete ventilation; one-way airflow
8. amphibians: positive pressure [fig 36.23]
9. reptiles, birds, mammals: negative pressure

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (fig 36.26)

• to learn more about the respiratory system go to
  1. HUMAN ANATOMY On-Line.
  2. The Human Respiratory  System from Clarenville High

Path of Air:

1. nasal cavity:
2. pharynx with epiglottis
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
1. Lungs
   6. bronchioles
   7. alveoli [Fig. 36.27]
1. Ventilation [Fig. 36.28]
   1. diaphragm
   2. inhalation (inspiration)
   3. exhalation (expiration)

Gas Exchange and Transport

• hemoglobin
• hemocyanin

Transport of O₂

• O₂ + hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin [reversed at low O₂ pressure]
• CO₂: 20% transported by hemoglobin, 10% in plasma, 70% as HCO₃
• myoglobin

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