Chapter 14 - BLOOD

1. Textbook website
   1. Online Learning Center for Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology
      1. chapter 14 resources 
      2. chapter/quizzes/ch14
      3. check out the other resources such as the study outline, flash cards, animations, etc.
      4. use the other course tools for chapter 14
2. On-Line Biology Book by M. J. Farabee 
   1.  Circulatory System
      1. blood
3. Kimball's Biology Pages
   1. Blood from Kimball's Biology Pages
   2. Blood Clotting from Kimball's Biology Pages
   3. Blood Types from Kimball's Biology Pages
   4. Rh Blood Group from Kimball's Biology Pages
   5. Blood Pressure from Kimball's Biology Pages
4. This is what you should have learned in high school about circulation, from Jim Buckley, Edwards-Knox Central School, Russell, New York.  Try Mr. Buckley's quiz on human circulation and the quiz on the human heart for his high school students.
5. Blood and the Immune System from Clarenville High
6. more detailed information from Frank Orme, Chabot College Human Physiology  Class notes on the Cardiovascular system, Circulation and Heart as a Pump 
7. The Biology Project  an interactive online resource for learning biology, developed at The University of Arizona
   1. Blood Types Tutorial

1. Blood and Blood Cells 
   1. Introduction
   2. Blood Volume and Composition [Figs. 14.1, 14.2]
      1. Hematocrit
         1.  packed cell volume
      2. Plasma
   3. The Origin of Blood Cells [Fig. 14.3]
      1. Hematopoetic stem cells
      2. Colony-stimulating factors
         1. Thrombopoietin
         2. megakaryocytes
   4. Characteristics of Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes [Fig. 14.4]
      1. Hemoglobin
      2. Oxyhemoblobin
      3. Deoxyhemoglobin
      4. Sickle Cell disease
   5. Red Blood Cell Counts
   6. Red Blood Cell Production and Its Control
      1. Erythropoiesis
      2. erythroblasts
      3. Reticulocytes
      4. Erythropoietin [Fig. 14.5, Table 14.1]
   7. Dietary Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Production [Fig. 14.6, Table 14.2]
      1. Vitamin B12 and Folic acid
      2. Intrinsic factor
      3. Anemia [Fig. 14.7, Table 14.3]
   8. Destruction of Red Blood Cells [Fig. 14.8, Table 14.4]
      1. Hemoglobin
      2. Biliverdin
      3. Bilirubin
      4. porphyria variegata
   9. Types of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
      1. Granulocytes
         1. Neutrophils [Fig. 14.9]
         2. Eosinophils [Fig. 14.10]
         3. Basophils [Fig. 14.11]
            1. Heparin
            2. Histamine
      2. Agranuloctyes
         1. Monocytes [Fig. 14.12]
            1. macrophages
         2. Lymphocytes [Fig. 14.13]
            1. T cells
            2. B cells and antibodies
   10. Functions of White Blood Cells 
       1. Diapedesis [Fig. 14.14]
       2. Amoeboid motion
       3. phagocytosis and pus [Fig. 14.15]
   11. White Blood Cell Counts [Table 14.5]
       1. Leukocytosis
       2. Leukopenia
       3. differential white blood cell count
       4. leukemia [Box 14.2]
   12. Blood Platelets or Thrombocytes
       1. megakaryocytes
       2. serotonin
   13. Cellular components of Blood [Table 14.6]
2. Blood Plasma 
   1. Introduction  [Fig. 14.16]
   2. Plasma Proteins [Table 14.7]
      1. Albumins
         1. Colloid osmotic pressure
      2. Globulins
         1. Alpha and beta globulins
         2. Gamma globulins
      3. Fibrinogen
   3. Gases and Nutrients
      1. Lipoproteins
         1. Very low-density lipoproteins
         2. Low-density lipoproteins
         3. High-density lipoproteins
   4. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances 
      1. amino acids
      2. Urea
      3. Uric acid
      4. Creatine phosphate
   5. Plasma Electrolytes 
3. Hemostasis
   1. Introduction
      1. Hemostatic mechanisms [Table 14.9]
   2. Blood Vessel Spasm 
      1. Vasospasm 
   3. Platelet Plug Formation [Fig. 14.17]
   4. Blood Coagulation [Tables 14.10, 14.11; Fig. 14.19]
      1. Introduction
         1. Clotting factors
         2. Vitamins
         3. Procoagulants
         4. Anticoagulants
      2. Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism
         1. Thromboplastin
         2. Prothrombin activator
         3. Prothrombin
         4. Thrombin
         5. Fibrinogen
         6. Fibrin [Fig. 14.18]
         7. Blood clot
      3. Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism
      4. Fate of Blood Clots
         1. Serum
         2. Platelet-derived growth factor
         3. Fibroblasts
         4. Plasmin
         5. Thrombus
         6. Embolus
         7. Embolism
         8. Atherosclerosis [Fig. 14.20]
         9. Thrombosis
   5. Prevention of Coagulation [Table 14.12]
      1. Prostacyclin
      2. Antithrombin
      3. Heparin
      4. The medicinal leech [Box 14.3]
      5. Hemophilia [Box 14.4]
4. Blood Groups and Transfusions 
   1. Antigens and Antibodies  [Fig. 14.21]
      1. Agglutination [Fig. 14.22]
   2. ABO Blood Group [Tables 14.13, 14.14]
   3. Rh Blood Group  [Fig. 14.23]
      1. Erythroblastosis fetalis
      2. RhoGAM

CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATE BLOOD AND BLOOD CELLS

• Plasma
  • liquid portion of blood
    1. H₂O plus plasma proteins, salts, plus transported materials
    2. plasma proteins
    3. serum
• Formed Elements
  • Types of Blood Cells [Fig. 36.3]
    1. erythrocytes [Fig. 36.4]
    2. leukocytes [Fig. 36.5]
    3. eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc.
    4. platelets

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