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KINGDOM PROTISTA

• Protista at Kimball's Biology Pages
• protists are a paraphyletic or polyphyletic group [Fig. 17.2]
• unicellular (cytoplasmic) level of organization. includes cellular aggregates (colonial)
• cells typically 3 to 300 um, up to 123 mm.

Subkingdom PROTOZOA [Table 17.1]

• highly complex cells [Fig. 17.3]
• contractile vacuole [fig. 17-3]
• cilia [Fig. 17.17] and flagella [fig 17.7]
• pseudopodia [fig. 17.10]
• pellicle [fig. 17.3]
• nutrition
  • phagocytosis [fig. 17.10]:
• reproduction
  • asexual [fig. 17.4, 17.5]
  • sexual: gametes [Fig. 17.15] and conjugation [Fig. 17.21]
  • cysts
• 35,000 species; 10,000 are parasitic.
• many protozoans have a symbiotic relationship with their hosts
  • symbiosis from Kimball's Biology Pages
  • symbiosis from John Meyer, Department of Entomology , NC State University
    • commensalism 
      • commensalism on between an anemone and a fish
    • mutualism
    • parasitism: evading the host's immune system

Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA [flagellates]

Class PHYTOMASTIGOPHOREA: phytoflagellates

• Dinoflagellates [Fig. 17.6]
  • red tide (Gymnodium)
  • zooxanthellae
  • bioluminescence (Noctiluca)
• Euglenoids (Euglena) [fig. 17.7]
• Volvox [fig. 17.8]

Class ZOOMASTIGOPHOREA: zooflagellates

• Trypanosoma - African sleeping sickness [Fig. 17.9]
  • Information from the World Health Organization 
    • WHO fact sheet
    • WHO the disease and its impact
  • African trypanosomes from Oklahoma State University-Veterinary Parisitology
  • Leishmaniasis; more graphic information from Ohio State
• Trichonympha collaris: termite gut symbiont
• Trichomonas
• Giardia [Box 17.1]:
  • Bad Bug Book--US Food & Drug Administration
  • Giardia lamblia: cell biology and microscopy by Dr. Bohdan J. Soltys
  •   information from Microweb

Subphylum SARCODINA [amoeboids]

• Amoebae: Protists Which Move and Feed Using Pseudopodia, David J. Patterson
• view a moving amoeba
• Amoeba proteus [figs. 17.10, 17-11]
• (image courtesy of BIODIDAC)
• Entamoeba histolytica: information from Ohio State
• Foraminiferida [fig. 17.13]: protozoans with calcium carbonate shells
• Radiolaria [fig. 17.14]: protozoans with silica shells
• (image courtesy of BIODIDAC)

Phylum APICOCOMPLEXA

• all are endoparasites
• overview from UCMP Berkeley
• apical complex

Class SPOROZOEA: sporozoans: complex three part life cycle

Malaria	Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale & P. falciparum
	Life history involves two stages of development [Fig. 17.15]:  image courtesy of BIODIDAC; view enlarged image Guide to Malaria--Union University Information from the World Health Organization Malaria Life Cycle--University of Leicester, Microbiology II Sickle-cell  sickle cell disease

• Cryptosporidium 
  • read more in the USFDA Bad Bug Book
• Toxoplasma
  • information from Ohio State

Phylum CILIAPHORA [ciliates]

• overview from UCMP Berkeley
• anatomy
• pellicle
• macronucleus; micronucleus--sexual conjugation [Fig. 17.21]

Paramecium (fig 17.17)

• trichocysts [Fig. 17.18]

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