UNGULATA

• hoofed mammals. 
• Now considered a polyphyletic group.
• Molecular evidence indicates the relationship of tenrecs, golden moles, elephant shrews, aardvarks, and  tethytheres ("Paenungulata" - elephants, sirenians, and hyraxes) into  a superorder Afrotheria.  Tethytheres and possibly aardvarks had been considered to be ungulates.
• Ungulates should now be restricted to perissodactyls and artiodactyls (including the whales).
• The Order Cetartiodactyla is based on molecular evidence that hippopotamuses are more closely related to whales than they are to other artiodactyls.  Early cetacean fossils from Pakistan demonstrate that whales are artiodactyls
• perissodactyls and artiodactyls from Dr. Monte L.Thies, Sam Houston State University, with a good discussion of cursorial and feeding adaptations and African Grazing Succession.
• The Hoofed Mammals by Christine Janis and Peter Jarman; with a good discussion of hindgut and foregut fermentation.

1. Order CONDYLARTHRA
• archaic ungulates; a paraphyletic group of mainly Paleocene and Eocene mammals that is ancestral to the Perissodactyls and Cetartiodactyls [David Atkins, George Washington U]
2. Order CETACEA
• whales
3. Order PROBOSCIDEA
   • Elephants
4. Order SIRENIA
   • dugongs, sea cows, manatees
5. Order HYRACOIDEA
   • Hyraxes
6. Order TUBULIDENTATA
• Aardvark
7. Order PERISSODACTYLA
• Horses,Tapirs, Rhinceroses
8. Order ARTIODACTYLA
   • pigs, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, cattle

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