Vertebrate Zoology Fall 1999 - Exam 1

1. Darwin's finches represent a good example of
   1. convergent evolution
   2. punctuated equilibrium.
   3. sympatric speciation.
   4. adaptive radiation.
   5. phyletic gradualism.
2. The bones in the wing of a bird and a bat are __ structures; the wings themselves are ___ strucures.
   1. homologous, analogous
   2. homologous, homologous
   3. analogous, analogous
   4. analogous, homologous
3. Production of uric acid by many reptiles and birds is advantageous because
   1. uric acid can be secreted via salt glands.
   2. uric acid can be excreted with less water loss.
   3. uric acid is very soluble in water.
   4. uric acid may be derived from metabolic water.
4. Production of uric acid by many reptiles and birds is advantageous because
   1. uric acid is more easily produced in vertebrates that have long Loops of Henle.
   2. uric acid requires much less energy to produce than urea
   3. uric acid requires much less energy to produce than ammonia
   4. uric acid can be stored safely within an egg
5. According to the binomial system of nomenclature, the Aedes in Aedes vexans refers to the
   1. species.
   2. genus.
   3. family.
   4. class.
6. The goal of systematic studies is to arrange animals into
   1. monophyletic groups
   2. polyphyletic groups
   3. paraphyletic groups
   4. outgroups
7. Tunicates or sea squirts are members of the chordate subphylum
   1. Urochordata
   2. Cephalochordata
   3. Enteropneusta
   4. Pterobranchia
   5. Hemichordata
8. The thyroid gland of humans is homologous to the ______ of members of the subphylum Cephalochordata.
   1. atrium
   2. notochord
   3. endostyle
   4. oral hood
9. Lancelets (Amphioxus) are members of the chordate subphylum
   1. Urochordata
   2. Cephalochordata
   3. Vertebrata
   4. Hemichordata
   5. Osteichthyes
10. The development of sexual maturity in a larval body form is called
    1. parthenogenesis
    2. coevolution
    3. paedomorphosis
    4. morphogenesis
11. Which of the following is isotonic to the water they live in
    1. lampreys
    2. marine bony fish
    3. hagfish
    4. freshwater fish
    5. sharks
12. Which of the following use urea to elevate their ionic concentration.
    1. lampreys
    2. marine bony fish
    3. hagfish
    4. freshwater fish
    5. sharks
13. Most fishes excrete ____ as the primary nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism.
    1. ammonia
    2. guanine
    3. urea
    4. uric acid
    5. creatine
14. Character similarity that results from common ancestry is called
    1. homology
    2. analogy
    3. plesiomorphy
    4. phylogeny
    5. ontogeny
15. Human population growth and loss of habitat are the most important factors affecting
    1. sympatric speciation
    2. extinction
    3. allopatric speciation
    4. punctuated equilibrium
    5. extinction
16. Most of the time natural selection serves to promote
    1. sexual selection
    2. directional selection
    3. disruptive selection
    4. stabilizing selection
    5. artificial selection
17. Selection that promoted the survival of both the largest and smallest individuals rather than the average size individuals is an example of
    1. sexual selection
    2. directional selection
    3. disruptive selection
    4. stabilizing selection
    5. artificial selection
18. Which of the following invertebrates is most closely related to the vertebrates
    1. platyhelminthes
    2. molluscs
    3. arthropods
    4. echinoderms
    5. annelids
19. In the diagram on the right, taxa C, D, E, F, G form which kind of group
    1. paraphyletic
    2. polyphyletic
    3. monophyletic
20. In the diagram on the right, taxa C, D, E, F, G, H form which kind of group
    1. paraphyletic
    2. polyphyletic
    3. monophyletic
21. List 5 characteristics of the Phylum Chordata (5 points)
22. List the seven fundamental taxonomic categories from the broadest to the most specific (5 points).
23. List and briefly characterize the 7 classes that are traditionally recognized as comprising the Vertebrata (10 points).

ANSWER ANY 4 of THE FOLLOWING (10 points each)

1. Correctly arrange the 7 classes from question 23 on a cladogram. Indicate which of these 7 are monophyletic and which are paraphyletic. Give an example of a polyphyletic taxon.
2. Define and state the significance to vertebrate zoology of any 4 of the following. Where appropriate state what taxon (-a) the term is associated with.
   1. calcichordate (carpoid)
   2. cladistics (phylogenetic systematics)
   3. convergent evolution
   4. deuterostome
   5. ontogenetic variation
   6. paraphyly
   7. Pikaia
   8. sexual dimorphism
3. Define and state the significance to vertebrate zoology of any 4 of the following. Where appropriate state what taxon (-a) the term is associated with.
   1. acid precipitation
   2. anadromous
   3. euryhaline
   4. glomerulus
   5. Q¹⁰
   6. salt gland
   7. stenothermal
4. Compare and contrast the osmoregulatory problems and solutions of a marine and fresh-water teleost fish.
5. List and biefly discuss the steps involved in evolution by Natural Selection.
6. Define and give an example of each of the following: poikilotherm, homeotherm, endotherm, ectotherm.
7. Discuss regional heterothermy in sharks and tuna. Use an illustration to illuminate your answer.