Vertebrate Zoology Fall 1999 - Exam 2

Multiple choice. Select the best answer. 2 points each.

1. Members of this taxon include the hagfishes.
   1. Myxini
   2. Cephalaspidomorphi
   3. Placodermi
   4. Chondrichthyes
   5. Petromyzontiformes
2. Placoid scales occur in this vertebrate taxon
   1. Myxini
   2. Sarcopterygii
   3. Chondrichthyes
   4. Actinopterygii
   5. Petromyzontiformes
3. These are thought to be a part of the evolutionary lineage leading directly to terrestrial vertebrates.
   1. Rhipidistians
   2. Lungfishes
   3. Elasmobranchii
   4. Actinopterygii
   5. Coelacanths
4. Fishes that were thought to be extinct for 70 million years that were discovered off the coast of Africa in 1938.
   1. Rhipidistians
   2. Lungfishes
   3. Rat fishes
   4. Bow fins
   5. Coelacanths
5. A ventrally placed mouth that is loosely attached to the skull by a mobile hyomandibular and a heterocercal tail are characteristic of the
   1. Ostracodermi
   2. Actinopterygii
   3. Sarcopterygii
   4. Elasmobranchii
   5. Holocephali
6. Lampreys are most closely related to fossil
   1. Rhipidisteans
   2. Holosteans
   3. Ostracoderms
   4. Chondrosteans
   5. Holocephalians
7. Which of the following was the major advantage that caused amphibians to leave the water
   1. greater oxygen availability
   2. avoidence of predators
   3. more favorable habitats for laying eggs
   4. less heat loss to the surrounding medium
   5. unexploited food resources
8. The function of the lateral line system in fishes is
   1. to circulate oxygen to the muscles
   2. to reflect light to confuse predators
   3. to excrete nitrogenous wastes into the water
   4. to detect low frequency sounds
   5. to sense changes in water pressure
9. All of the following are synapomorphic characters that distinguish members of the Gnathostomata from more primitive vertebrates such as lampreys and their fossil relatives EXCEPT one.
   1. paired appendages
   2. bone
   3. jaws
   4. three semicircular canals
10. Adult hagfishes
    1. are parasites of live fish
    2. are predators of live fish
    3. are scavengers, feeding on dead and dying fish
    4. feed on algae attached to rocks and other substrates
    5. are filter feeders
11. The fisheries of the Great Lakes were brought to an almost complete collapse as a result of the invasion of
    1. lampreys
    2. hagfishes
    3. sturgeons
    4. bow fins
    5. ratfishes
12. Sharks swim constantly because they
    1. have poor nerve-muscle coordination
    2. have voracious appetites
    3. live only in salt water
    4. must force water past their gills
    5. can not hide from predators
13. Fishes of the bathyal and abyssal zones are generally
    1. small bodied, large mouthed, and bioluminescent
    2. large bodied, large mouthed, and bioluminescent
    3. small bodied, small mouthed, and dark colored
    4. large bodied, large mouthed, and dark colored
    5. small bodied, small mouthed, and bioluminescent
14. The largest sharks and rays are
    1. carnivores
    2. filter feeders
    3. scavengers
    4. mollusk eaters
    5. herbivores
15. Internal bony jaws of vertebrates are believed to have been produced through the evolutionary modification of
    1. pharyngeal slits
    2. anterior gill support bars
    3. amniotic arches
    4. modified scales
    5. paired fins
16. Teleosts ventilate their gills with
    1. buccal pump
    2. operculum
    3. suspensorium
    4. opercular valves
    5. spiral valves
17. The continent that has the most species of salamanders
    1. Africa
    2. Asia
    3. North America
    4. South America
    5. Australia
18. That fishes use countercurrewnt exchange in respiration and mammals do not suggests that
    1. fishes need more oxygen than mammals
    2. countercurrent exchange is not efficient
    3. oxygen is a hydrogen ion acceptor in water
    4. water conducts heat well, air does not
    5. getting oxygen from water is more difficult
19. Fins of fishes may be used
    1. to stabilize the body as it moves through water
    2. as hydrofoils to provide lift in swimming
    3. as brakes
    4. to control roll
    5. all of the above
20. Bolotoglossines are
    1. gilled salamanders that metamorphose if given thyroxin
    2. lungless salamanders that have very long tongues
    3. permanently gilled salamanders that live in caves
    4. giant salamanders of North America and Asia
    5. salamanders with a three stage life history after hatching
21.  Axolotls are
    1. gilled salamanders that metamorphose if given thyroxin
    2. lungless salamanders that have very long tongues
    3. permanently gilled salamanders that live in caves
    4. giant salamanders of North America and Asia
    5. salamanders with a three stage life history after hatching
22. The function of the Ampullae of Lorenzini is
    1. excretion of nitrogenous waste in Myxini
    2. detection of water pressure changes in actinopterygians
    3. electroreception for detection of prey in elasmobranchs
    4. chemoreception in chondrichthyans
    5. generating electrical currents in osteichthyans
23. The major component of the diet of most amphibians is
    1. plant matter
    2. other amphibians
    3. decaying animal flesh
    4. arthropods
    5. fishes
24. ALL of the following are characteristic of the Lisamphibia EXCEPT
    1. pedicellate and bicuped teeth
    2. moist, scaleless skin
    3. pelvic girdle attached to three sacral vertebra
    4. poison glands in the skin
25. A mouth that can protrude in milliseconds as a result of modification of the jaw and gill bones and musculature occurs in the
    1. Amiiformes
    2. Acipenserformes
    3. Ostariophysi
    4. Acanthopterygii
    5. Polypteriformes
26. Blood flows from the heart of a fish toward the
    1. gills
    2. fins
    3. kidneys
    4. tail
    5. lungs

ANSWER ANY 2 of THE FOLLOWING (10 points each)

1. Discuss all aspects of reproduction in sharks
2. Why are hagfishes classified as craniates, but not as vertebrates
3. What were the major changes in the skull and skeleton that took place in the transition from aquatic fish to terrestrial tetrapod.
4. Fully discuss all of the adaptations seen in fish that active swimmers in the open ocean.
5. Fully discuss and explain the different aspects and strategies of respiration in the salamanders.

Define and state the significance to vertebrate zoology of any 6 of the following. Where appropriate state what taxon (-a) the term is associated with and give examples as needed. (5 points each)

1.  columella
2. direct development
3. gas gland
4. Weberian apparatus
5. paedomorphosis
6. spermatophore
7. spiracle
8. Batoidea
9. Chondrosteans
10. Holosteans
11. Ichthyostega
12. Dipnoans
13. Galeomorpha
14. Holocephalians