MULTIPLE CHOICE. SELECT THE BEST ANSWER (2 points each)

1. Pikaia is notable because it is the earliest
   1. Vertebrate
   2. Deuterostome
   3. Protostome
   4. Gnathostome
   5. Chordate
2. High body temperature in the swim muscles of a shark is an example of
   1. Endothermy
   2. Regional heterothermy
   3. Homeothermy
   4. Poikilothermy
   5. Ectothermy
3. A dorsal hollow nerve cord is a synapomorphy of the
   1. Gnathostomata
   2. Vertebrata
   3. Deuterostomata
   4. Craniata
   5. Chordata
4. "Eelskin" for items such as belts and boots almost always comes from
   1. Lampreys
   2. Sharks
   3. Hagfish
   4. Ratfish
   5. Ostracoderms
5. The spiracle is needed for respiration in this group
   1. Galeomorpha
   2. Squalomorpha
   3. Holocephalia
   4. Petromyzontiformes
   5. Batoidea
6. The spiracle is needed for respiration in this group
   1. Galeomorpha
   2. Batoidea
   3. Petromyzontiformes
   4. Squalomorpha
   5. Holocephalia
7. These are mainly deep water marine fish that feed on seaweed, mollusks, and echinoderms
   1. Holocephalia
   2. Galeomorpha
   3. Petromyzontiformes
   4. Squalomorpha
   5. Batoidea
8. Of the common nitrogenous waste products, ammonia is
   1. Most toxic, least costly to produce
   2. Most toxic, most costly to produce
   3. Least toxic, least costly to produce
   4. Least toxic, most costly to produce
   5. Intermediate in toxicity and cost of production
9. Allopatric speciation involves
   1. Fortuitous appearance of beneficial mutations
   2. Geographic isolation of peripheral populations
   3. Convergent evolution of similar adaptive characters
   4. Divergent evolution as a result of mate preferences
   5. Separation of intermixed populations because of different food preferences
10. Putting which of the following together would constitute a paraphyletic taxonomic group
    1. Birds and crocodiles
    2. Lizards and snakes
    3. Sharks and rays
    4. Lampreys and jawed fish
    5. Lampreys and hagfish
11. Relative to other fishes, hagfish are unique in that they are
    1. Slightly hypertonic to their environment
    2. Isotonic to their environment
    3. Slightly hypotonic to their environment
    4. Very hypertonic to their environment
    5. Very hypotonic to their environment
12. Binomial nomenclature uses a two part name to designate each kind of organism. The two parts of the name are
    1. Family and species
    2. Genus and species
    3. Order and genus
    4. Order and family
    5. Family and genus
13. Which of the following is NOT an amniote
    1. Reptilia
    2. Aves
    3. Amphibia
    4. Mammalia
14. Some vertebrates can be active in the cold and/or dark because they are
    1. Homeotherms
    2. Heterotherms
    3. Endotherms
    4. Poikilotherms
    5. Ectotherms
15. Many members of this group are anadromous (marine adults, freshwater juveniles)
    1. Hagfish
    2. Cephalochordates
    3. Lampreys
    4. Hemichordates
    5. Holocephalians
16. When sulfate rich rain and snow lowers the pH of lakes, it kills fish and amphibians by
    1. Inhibiting their ability to thermoregulate
    2. Inhibiting urine formation
    3. Preventing transport of Na and Cl in
    4. Dissolving them in acid
    5. Preventing transport of Na and Cl out
17.  The site of blood filtration in the kidney is the
    1. Proximal loop of Henle
    2. Glomerulus
    3. Distal loop of Henle
    4. Convoluted tubules
    5. Collecting duct
18. The amnocoetes larva of the lamprey most closely resembles members of this group
    1. Cephalochordata
    2. Urochordata
    3. Hemichordata
    4. Echinodermata
    5. Ostracodermata
19. In sharks, claspers are used for
    1. Feeding
    2. Respiration
    3. Internal fertilization
    4. Osmoregulation
    5. Digestion
20. The most diverse and successful group of vertebrates
    1. Chondrichthyes
    2. Mammalia
    3. Reptilia
    4. Amphibia
    5. Osteichthyes
21. 24 points: Correctly arrange the following on a cladogram: Agnatha, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Myxinoidea, Petromyzontiformes, and Vertebrata. List autapomorphies and synapomorphies and other characteristics for each as appropriate. If you can not draw a cladogram, then define and characterize and give examples for each of them (but you will be penalized 4 points).
22. -  25 Answer any FOUR 4 of the following (10 points each; Forty points total)
    1. Sharks make use of four senses when hunting prey. In the order that are usually employed, name each sense and the organ that is used to detect it. Discuss any peculiarities of each of these sensory systems
    2. Discuss the feeding mechanism and typical food items of tunicates, hagfish, lampreys, and most sharks.
    3. Discuss the three different adaptations that have evolved for viviparity in sharks.
    4. Compare and contrast the water and salt balance problems and solutions of a marine bony fish and a marine shark.
    5. Define and state the significance to vertebrate zoology of any 3 of the following. Where appropriate state what taxon (-a) the term is associated with.
       1. Polyphyly
       2. Heterochrony (progenesis)
       3. Ostracoderms
       4. Polymorphism
       5. Stabilizing selection
    6. Define and state the significance to vertebrate zoology of any 3 of the following. Where appropriate state what taxon (-a) the term is associated with.
       1. Heterocercal tail
       2. Notochord
       3. Placoid scales
       4. Behavioral Thermoregulation
       5. Biological Species