Vertebrate Zoology  Spring 2001 - Exam 2

Multiple choice. Select the best answer. 2 points each.

  1. Lungfishes belong to the subclass A. Elasmobranchii B. Holocephali C. Actinopterygii D. Lisamphibia E. Sarcopterygii
  2. Members of this subclass are referred to as ray-finned fishes A. Elasmobranchii B. Holocephali C. Actinopterygii D. Lisamphibia E. Sarcopterygii
  3. This extinct group of lobe-finned fishes is directly ancestral to the amphibians A. Chondrosteans B. Dipnoans C. Actinistans D. Holosteans E. Rhipidisteans
  4. Sturgeons belong to this group A. Chondrosteans B. Palaeoniscoids C. Actinistans D. Holosteans E. Rhipidisteans
  5. A widely used example of one of the earliest and most primitive amphibians A. Latimeria B. Archaeopterix C. Ichthyostega D. Eusthenopteron E. Protopterus
  6. The number of chambers in an anuran heart A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four E. Five
  7. The function of the Weberian ossicles is to A. Detect electric currents in the water B. Transmit sound vibrations from the swim bladder to the inner ear C. Enable advanced bony fishes to open their jaws in milliseconds D. Secrete enzymes that prevent blood from clotting E. Store sperm for internal fertilization
  8. True toads belong to the family A. Hylidae B. Ranidae C. Microhylidae D. Pelobatidae E. Bufonidae
  9. These amphibians estivate in response to drought A. Hylidae B. Ranidae C. Microhylidae D. Pelobatidae E. Bufonidae
  10. The amphibian skin is best characterized as A. Smooth, dry, with many glands B. Smooth, moist, with few glands C. Smooth, moist, with many glands D. Rough, moist, with many glands E. Smooth, dry, with few glands
  11. A permanently aquatic salamander would be most likely to have A. Internal gills B. Eyes reduced or absent C. No lungs D. No tail E. External gills
  12. These amphibians are typically burrowers that live in the tropics A. Pipidae B. Cryptobranchidae C. Dendrobatidae D. Gymnophonia E. Temnospondyli
  13. The type of scale found in lobe-finned fish A. Cycloid B. Cosmoid C. Ctenoid D. Placoid E. Ganoid
  14. Lungfish are considered to be more closely related to tetrapods than are coelacanths, because lungfish possess A. A humerus, radius, and ulna B. A larval stage with external gills C. A larval stage with internal gills D. Internal nares E. Lungs
  15. The paratoid gland of toads serves to A. Produce digestive enzymes B. Produce defensive toxins C. Keep the skin moist D. Regulate metamorphosis E. Promote water conservation in the kidneys
  16. Leaving the water provided many challenges in the evolution of the earliest amphibians and resulted in the evolution of new structures, mainly because water played an important role in A. Support B. Respiration C. Reproduction D. Excretion E. Circulation
  17. The hyomandibular bone of lobe-finned fish became which bone in amphibians A. Columella B. Dentary C. Squamosal D. Ulna E. Radius
  18. The largest frogs (Goliath frogs) have been known to eat A. Rats B. Pigs C. Turtles D. Road kill E. Human babies
  19. The advanced ray-finned fishes (teleosts) differ from more primitive ray-finned fishes in possessing a A. Lung B. Swim bladder C. Toothed maxilla D. Toothed premaxilla E. Heterocercal tail
  20. The salamanders with the longest tongues lack A. Limbs B. Livers C. Eyes D. Lungs E. Teeth

    21. MATCHING- one point each 8 points total

  21. Have a specialized leptocephalous larva 
  22. Occur only in the Mississippi River drainage system. 
  23. Have large tooth plates on the palate and a skull with many small bones
  24. An extinct group that includes the earliest ray-finned fishes 
  25. The only living, marine lobe-finned fish 
  26. Have a heterocercal tail and reduced bony scales
  27. These predaceous fish are covered with ganoid scales and occur only in North America 
  28. Have ganoid scales, fleshy pectoral fins, and lungs 

A. Acipenserformes B. Actinistia C. Amiiformes D. Dipnoi E. Elopomorpha F.Lepisosteiformes G. Palaeonisciformes H. Polypteriformes 

29-32 Bony fishes display many interesting adaptations that enable then to be the most diverse group of vertebrates on Earth. DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, DISCUSS, and ILLUSTRATE (if appropriate) how any FOUR of the following features function for different locomotor, feeding, and/or other life history strategies. (5 points each, 20 points total) 

  1. Aspect ratio and shape of the caudal fin in open-ocean predators 
  2. Aspect ratio and shape of the caudal fin in ambush hunters 
  3. Countercurrent systems in fins 
  4. Jaw mechanics in advanced teleosts 
  5. Limbs in rhipdistian fishes 
  6. Paired fins in coral reef fishes and other advanced teleosts 
  7. Swim bladders in deep ocean fishes 

    8. 33-34 ANSWER any two of the following (10 points each, 20 points total). 

  8. Frogs have evolved several unique methods to protect their tadpoles from predators. Describe and discuss any four of these reproductive strategies. 
  9. Although any one frog (or toad) is not all that different from any other frog (or toad), they do have specializations for their primary mode(s) of locomotion. What is the basic frog (or toad) body form? Discuss differences for walkers, hoppers, burrowers, jumpers, swimmers, and climbers. 
  10. Compare and contrast respiration in bony fishes and respiration in amphibians.
  11. Discuss reproduction and the life cycle (development from egg to adult) in salamanders. 

    12. 35-38 Define and state the significance to vertebrate zoology (specifically material covered for this examination) of any FOUR of the following. Where appropriate state what taxon (-a) the term is associated with and give examples as needed. (5 points each, 20 points total) 

  12. Amplexus 
  13. Aposmetic coloration 
  14. Axolotl 
  15. Pedicellate teeth 
  16. Photophores 
  17. Turbulent drag 
  18. Urea 
  19. Zygapotheses